Motors in Electric Vehicle

Due to worse effect of fossil fuel on environment, Electric vehicle (EV) was introduced. The core element of the EV, apart from Batteries, which replaces the Internal Combustion engines is an Electric motor. Older designs used standard DC motors, which are relatively economically controlled when driven with batteries. New designs use either AC Induction motors or Permanent Magnet Rotor AC motors, driven by electronic inverters. In general, lower power applications will use the PM AC motors which are slightly more efficient for a given task, while high-performance vehicles will use induction motors since they are capable of very large acceleration torques relative to their weight for short intervals, until they overheat. All new Electric Vehicles and even hybrids use AC electric motors. They are lighter, more powerful and can be used as a generator makes power as you slow down or brake called Regenerative braking. 

Permanent Magnet AC Motor

Permanent magnet AC motors (PMAC) are just like standard induction AC motors except they have permanent, rare-earth magnets attached to their rotors. Having these permanent magnets instead of electromagnets reduces energy losses in the motor. They are also called synchronous AC motors.  Most of the automotive manufacturers use PMAC motors for their hybrid and electric vehicles. For example, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Bolt EV, Ford Focus Electric, zero motorcycles S/SR, Nissan Leaf, Hinda Accord, BMW i3, etc use PMAC motor for propulsion.

AC Induction Motors

Induction motor works on the principle of induction where electro-magnetic field is induced into the rotor when rotating magnetic field of stator cuts the stationary rotor. Induction machines are by far the most common type of motor used in industrial, commercial or residential settings. Squirrel cage induction motors have a long life due to less maintenance. Induction motors can be designed up to an efficiency of 92-95%. The drawback of an induction motor is that it requires complex inverter circuit and control of the motor is difficult.

Typically, most of the manufacturers use synchronous motors, but whether it is a permanent magnet or electromagnet strongly influences the performance. The key difference is that AC induction motors have to use electricity to generate the magnetic currents inside the motor, which cause the rotor to spin, whereas a permanent magnet motor doesn’t require that additional current since its magnets—created from rare-earth materials—are always “on.”

https://www.itsengg.edu.in/blogs/post/Motors-in-Electric-Vehicle

Data types in Python: Numeric Data Type

Python is a clear and powerful object-oriented programming language, comparable to Perl, Ruby, Scheme, or Java. In my last blog we have discussed the key features of python. Now we are going to dive into the programming concepts of python. In this blog we will discuss about data types used in the python

   

Data Types

Data types are the classification or categorization of data items. It represents the kind of value a particular variable can hold and tells what operations can be performed on that particular data.

   

Since everything is an object in Python programming, data types are actually classes and variables are instance (object) of these classes. The type of a variable in the python is decided by the type of value assigned to that variable.

   

Example:

   

# type() function is used to identify the datatype of variable or object.

>>> x = 10

>>> type(x)

<class 'int'>

>>> x = 10.0

>>> type(x)

<class 'float'>

>>> x = 5+8j

>>> type(x)

<class 'complex'>

>>> x = 'Mukesh'

>>> type(x)

<class 'str'>

>>> x = ['Mukesh','Kumar']

>>> type(x)

<class 'list'>

>>> x = ('Mukesh', 'Kumar')

>>> type(x)

<class 'tuple'>

>>> x = {'fname':'Mukesh', 'lname':'Kumar'}

>>> type(x)

<class 'dict'>

>>>

   

Built-in data type of python are as follows:

                            

Let us discuss about Numeric Data type

Numbers

The Python interpreter acts as a simple calculator, You can write an expression and interpreter will display the value. Expression syntax is straight forward: the operators +, -, * and / work just like in most other languages (for example, Pascal or C); parentheses (()) can be used for grouping.

Examples

>>> 7 + 3

10

>>> 70 - 5*6

40

>>> (70 - 5*6) / 4

10.0

>>> 9 / 5  # division always returns a floating point number

1.8

There are three distinct numeric types: integers, floating point numbers, and complex numbers. In addition, Booleans are a subtype of integers.

Integers

This value is represented by ‘int’ class. It contains positive or negative whole numbers (without fraction or decimal). In Python there is no limit to how long an integer value can be.

Float

This value is represented by ‘float’ class. It is a real number with floating point representation and specified by a decimal point.

Complex Numbers

Complex number is represented by ‘complex’ class. It is specified as (real part) + (imaginary part)j. For example – 5+8j

Basic Operations on Numeric Type

The integer numbers (e.g. 2, 4, 20) have type ‘int’, the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0, 1.6) have type  ‘float’.

Division (/) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result (discarding any fractional result) you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use %:

Examples

>>> 7+3 # addition operator

10

>>> 7-3 #minus operator

4

>>> 7*3 #multiplication operator

21

>>> 17 / 3  # classic division returns a float

5.666666666666667

>>> 

>>> 17 // 3  # floor division discards the fractional part

5

>>> 17 % 3  # the % operator returns the remainder of the division

2

>>> 5 * 3 + 2  # result * divisor + remainder

17

With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers

>>> 5 ** 2  # 5 squared

25

>>> 2 ** 7  # 2 to the power of 7

128

The equal sign (=) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt:

>>> width = 20

>>> height = 5 * 9

>>> width * height

900

If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error:

>>> n  # try to access an undefined variable

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

NameError: name 'n' is not defined

There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point:

>>> 4 * 3.75 - 1

14.0

In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _. This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example:

>>> tax = 12.5 / 100

>>> price = 100.50

>>> price * tax

12.5625

>>> price + _

113.0625

>>> round(_, 2)

113.06

This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior.

All numeric types (except complex) support the following operations:

   

Operation	Result	Full documentation
x + y	sum of x and y
x – y	difference of x and y
x * y	product of x and y
x / y	quotient of x and y
x // y	floored quotient of x and y
x % y	remainder of x / y
-x	x negated
+x	x unchanged
abs(x)	absolute value or magnitude of x	abs()
int(x)	x converted to integer	int()
float(x)	x converted to floating point	float()
complex(re, im)	a complex number with real part ‘re’, imaginary part ‘im’. im defaults to zero.	complex()
c.conjugate()	conjugate of the complex number c
divmod(x, y)	the pair (x // y, x % y)	divmod()
pow(x, y)	x to the power y	pow()
x ** y	x to the power y

  https://www.itsengg.edu.in/blogs/post/data-types-in-python-numeric-data-type

Importance of Industry Visits in MBA

The Industry Visit in MBA focuses on preparing the students to learn about the day-to-day workings of a particular industry and understand its operational issues. It also helps in keeping them abreast with the current management practices followed by such organizations and acquire traits that the industry demands of them.

The Department of MBA at the ITS Engineering College, Greater Noida, recognizes the fact that industry visits are a significant component for development of its students. We feel it is fruitful that the students with academic background have a glimpse of the industry in order to have an improved understanding of practical applications of theory. It provides them with an opportunity to learn practically through interaction, working methods and employment practices.

As a part of the curriculum, our students are required to undertake few industry visits to various industries of repute every semester. This provides them with the real insight of working procedure of an esteemed firm. These visits are an overwhelming yet knowledgeable experience for our students.

Our Department of MBA has organized numerous industry visits in the past. The list includes visits to very renowned and reputed organizations such as Coca-Cola India, Yamaha India, Container Corporation of India, Bisleri, Yakult, Parle, CNH Industrial and Anmol Industries.

https://www.itsengg.edu.in/blogs/post/importance-of-industrial-visit-in-mba